By Chris Woolston
CONSUMER HEALTH INTERACTIVE
Below:
Why should I be concerned about diabetes?
In the United States, Type 2 diabetes (also called adult-onset diabetes) is reaching epidemic proportions. It has even reached an alarming number of teenagers and young adults, a group that seemed practically immune to the disease just 20 years ago. There's no mystery behind this increase in incidence. Scientists don't need to explore various theories or perform experiments to understand the problem. The reason for our national struggle with diabetes is as obvious as our lifestyle. In general, our diets, activity levels, and waistlines have all taken an unhealthy turn, and Type 2 diabetes is the price many of us end up paying.
The good news is that neither your lifestyle nor your risk of developing diabetes is written in stone. You can buck the national trends by exercising regularly, eating a well-balanced diet, and watching your weight.
In fact, people at risk of Type 2 diabetes can more than halve their risk of developing the disease by exercising about half an hour a day and adopting a low-fat diet, according to a study conducted by the National Institutes of Health. Participants who did about 30 minutes of walking or other low-intensity exercise a day, coupled with a low-fat diet, lost an an average of 5 to 7 percent of their body weight and cut their chances of developing Type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. Those treated with the diabetes drug metformin -- but who didn't make the lifestyle changes -- cut their risk by only 31 percent.
Here's a closer look at how healthy living can protect you from the disease that kills more Americans each year than prostate cancer and breast cancer combined.
- Exercise regularly. Physical activity works against Type 2 diabetes at its source. The disease gets its start when muscle cells lose their sensitivity to insulin, the pancreatic hormone that controls levels of sugar in the blood. For some reason, your muscle cells are much less likely to shun insulin if you keep them fit through regular exercise.
A study at the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in Dallas shows that staying fit may be the most crucial measure for avoiding Type 2 diabetes. The researchers put 8,633 men (whose average age was 43) through a treadmill test and then screened them for diabetes six years later. The men who'd scored poorly on the fitness test were almost four times more likely than those who'd done well to show signs of the disease. Indeed, the fitness scores turned out to be the best predictor of diabetes, more telling than age, obesity, high blood pressure, or even a family history of the disease.
If you're sedentary now, find ways to incorporate more physical activity into your everyday life. Start gently, but work toward getting at least 30 minutes a day of moderate exercise.
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet. The typical American diet seems tailor-made for promoting Type 2 diabetes. According to two studies from the Harvard School of Public Health, men and women who eat large amounts of simple sugars but little fiber are more than twice as likely to develop the disease as people following high-fiber, low-sugar diets. And several studies have found that people with impaired glucose (sugar) tolerance -- an early warning sign of diabetes -- are much more likely to become diabetic if they eat large amounts of saturated fat. You can stay on the right side of these findings by sticking with a low-fat diet that's rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Avoid excess weight. It stands to reason that obese people are particularly prone to Type 2 diabetes. After all, extra pounds are often a sign that a person isn't exercising enough or making healthful food choices. Yet this point goes beyond the obvious: Recent studies have found that obesity plays an active role in the onset of diabetes. Extra body fat, especially around the midsection, can spur on the disease by making cells less responsive to insulin and by slowing down production of the hormone. If you can stay trim through diet and exercise, you'll be fighting diabetes on three fronts.
Doctors are now being recruited to counsel patients who are obese. According to the Annals of Internal Medicine, only 42 percent of overweight adults have been told by their doctors or healthcare workers to lose weight.
That's the reason why government health officials at the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend that doctors assess patients to determine their BMI. If they're obese, they should make weight loss counseling part of their talks.
- Check with your doctor. If you have special reasons to be concerned about diabetes, be sure to discuss the matter with your doctor. In particular, if you've been exercising regularly and eating right for months but you're still significantly overweight, it's a good idea to get a physical exam.
Ask your doctor whether you might be insulin resistant or have another condition linked to diabetes. Now a simple blood test can detect diabetes (or a tendency toward it) and the test can often be done in the doctor's office. Detecting such a condition early on gives you a great opportunity to resolve it and keep diabetes at bay.
-- Chris Woolston, M.S., is a health and medical writer with a master's degree in biology. He is a contributing editor at Consumer Health Interactive, and was the staff writer at Hippocrates, a magazine for physicians. He has also covered science issues for Time Inc. Health, WebMD, and the Chronicle of Higher Education. His reporting on occupational health earned him an award from the northern California Society of Professional Journalists.
Further Resources
American Diabetes Association
800/342-2383
Joslin Diabetes Center
617/732-2400
The Unofficial Guide to Living with Diabetes, Maria Thomas, Loren Green, M.D. Macmillan Publishers
References
Kriska AM et al. Physical Activity, Obesity, and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in a High-Risk Population. American Journal of Epidemiology. Oct 2003, 158: 669-675.
Knowler WC et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403
Wei M et al. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men. Ann Intern Med 1999 Jan 19;130(2):89-96
Salmeron J et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997 Feb 12;277(6):472-7
Salmeron J et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 1997 Apr;20(4):545-50
Hu FB et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 2001 Sep 13;345(11):790-7
Weyer C et al. Enlarged subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte size, but not obesity itself, predicts type II diabetes independent of insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2000 Dec;43(12):1498-506
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Screening for Obesity in Adults: Recommendations and Rationale, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2 December 2003, Vol. 139 Issue 11. p. 930-932
U. S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Ever Inhaled Insulin Combination Product for Treatment of Diabetes. January 2006. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2006/NEw01304.html
Reviewed by Bruce Biller, M.D., director of the Harvard Business School Health Services and a board-certified internist with subspecialty training in endocrinology.
